{"id":6500,"date":"2025-09-16T14:05:16","date_gmt":"2025-09-16T12:05:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/moovency.com\/?p=6500"},"modified":"2025-09-16T14:05:16","modified_gmt":"2025-09-16T12:05:16","slug":"productivity-and-the-human-body-centuries-of-evolution-in-the-automotive-industry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/moovency.com\/en\/productivity-and-the-human-body-centuries-of-evolution-in-the-automotive-industry\/","title":{"rendered":"Productivity and the Human Body: Centuries of Evolution in the Automotive Industry"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"l-section wpb_row height_medium\"><div class=\"l-section-h i-cf\"><div class=\"g-cols vc_row via_flex valign_top type_default stacking_default\"><div class=\"vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"wpb_text_column\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h1><strong>Productivity and Human Body:<\/strong> Centuries of evolution in the automotive industry<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"w-separator size_medium\"><\/div><div class=\"wpb_text_column\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><p data-start=\"55\" data-end=\"301\">The industrial history of the automobile illustrates a persistent paradox: every gain in productivity has come with new physical constraints for workers. From mechanics to automation, each innovation has pushed the boundaries of productivity.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"303\" data-end=\"548\"><strong>But at what cost to workers\u2019 bodies?<\/strong> Tracing the evolution of the automobile through the lens of operators\u2019 health shows that productivity gains and employee well-being have often been in tension\u2014and that this dilemma remains relevant today.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"w-separator size_medium\"><\/div><div class=\"wpb_text_column\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h2 data-start=\"59\" data-end=\"134\"><strong>18th \u2013 19th Century:<\/strong> Birth of Industry and the Dawn of the Automobile<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"136\" data-end=\"398\">The rise of the Industrial Revolution marked the transition from craftsmanship to mechanization and the standardization of tasks. The introduction of steam engines, followed by the first combustion engines, radically transformed the organization of production.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"400\" data-end=\"421\"><strong data-start=\"400\" data-end=\"419\">Key milestones:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"422\" data-end=\"679\">\n<li data-start=\"422\" data-end=\"512\">\n<p data-start=\"424\" data-end=\"512\"><strong data-start=\"424\" data-end=\"432\">1769<\/strong>: Cugnot builds the first self-propelled vehicle, the steam-powered <em data-start=\"500\" data-end=\"509\">fardier<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"513\" data-end=\"581\">\n<p data-start=\"515\" data-end=\"581\"><strong data-start=\"515\" data-end=\"523\">1860<\/strong>: \u00c9tienne Lenoir invents the internal combustion engine.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"582\" data-end=\"679\">\n<p data-start=\"584\" data-end=\"679\"><strong data-start=\"584\" data-end=\"593\">1880s<\/strong>: Daimler &amp; Benz refine the engine, laying the foundations of the modern automobile.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"w-separator size_medium\"><\/div><div class=\"g-cols wpb_row via_flex valign_top type_default stacking_default\"><div class=\"vc_col-sm-4 wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"w-image align_center\"><div class=\"w-image-h\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"380\" src=\"https:\/\/moovency.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Exposition_du_fardier_de_Cugnot_debut_du_XXe_siecle-600x380.jpg\" class=\"attachment-us_600_600 size-us_600_600\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/moovency.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Exposition_du_fardier_de_Cugnot_debut_du_XXe_siecle-600x380.jpg 600w, https:\/\/moovency.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Exposition_du_fardier_de_Cugnot_debut_du_XXe_siecle-700x443.jpg 700w, https:\/\/moovency.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Exposition_du_fardier_de_Cugnot_debut_du_XXe_siecle-300x190.jpg 300w, https:\/\/moovency.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Exposition_du_fardier_de_Cugnot_debut_du_XXe_siecle-850x538.jpg 850w, https:\/\/moovency.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Exposition_du_fardier_de_Cugnot_debut_du_XXe_siecle-500x316.jpg 500w, https:\/\/moovency.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Exposition_du_fardier_de_Cugnot_debut_du_XXe_siecle.jpg 869w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"w-separator size_small\"><\/div><div class=\"wpb_text_column\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><p><em>Cugnot fardier \u00e0 vapeur. Source : Wikip\u00e9dia<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_col-sm-4 wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"w-image align_center\"><div class=\"w-image-h\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"399\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/moovency.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Lenoir_gas_engine_1860.jpg\" class=\"attachment-us_500_500 size-us_500_500\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/moovency.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Lenoir_gas_engine_1860.jpg 399w, https:\/\/moovency.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Lenoir_gas_engine_1860-300x211.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 399px) 100vw, 399px\" \/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"w-separator size_small\"><\/div><div class=\"wpb_text_column\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><p><em>Lenoir combustion engine. Source : Wikip\u00e9dia<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_col-sm-4 wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"w-image align_center\"><div class=\"w-image-h\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" src=\"https:\/\/moovency.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Benz_Patent_Motorwagen_replica_IMG_0850-500x333.jpg\" class=\"attachment-us_500_500 size-us_500_500\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/moovency.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Benz_Patent_Motorwagen_replica_IMG_0850-500x333.jpg 500w, https:\/\/moovency.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Benz_Patent_Motorwagen_replica_IMG_0850-700x467.jpg 700w, https:\/\/moovency.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Benz_Patent_Motorwagen_replica_IMG_0850-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/moovency.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Benz_Patent_Motorwagen_replica_IMG_0850-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/moovency.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Benz_Patent_Motorwagen_replica_IMG_0850-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/moovency.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Benz_Patent_Motorwagen_replica_IMG_0850-850x567.jpg 850w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"w-separator size_small\"><\/div><div class=\"wpb_text_column\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><p><em><span>Replica of the Benz Patent Motorwagen. <\/span>Source : Wikip\u00e9dia<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"w-separator size_medium\"><\/div><div class=\"wpb_text_column\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><p data-start=\"60\" data-end=\"271\">These innovations undoubtedly multiplied productivity, but they also introduced, for the first time, repetitive tasks, exposure to heat and fumes\u2014leading to physical strain for workers as early as this period.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"273\" data-end=\"439\">Frequent accidents occurred with belts, wheels, and gears\u2026 Engels observed that workers resembled <em>\u201can army returning from campaign,\u201d<\/em> so widespread were mutilations.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Source : ANIENIT)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"l-section wpb_row height_medium\"><div class=\"l-section-h i-cf\"><div class=\"g-cols vc_row via_flex valign_top type_default stacking_default\"><div class=\"vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"wpb_text_column\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h2 data-start=\"57\" data-end=\"81\"><strong>Early 20th Century<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"83\" data-end=\"173\">Scientific Management (Taylorism) emerged to rationalize work and maximize productivity.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"175\" data-end=\"386\"><strong>Taylorism<\/strong> (1911) introduced horizontal and vertical division of tasks, time studies, and standardized movements. <strong>Ford\u2019s assembly line<\/strong> (Model T, 1908\u20131913) generalized mass production and parts standardization.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"388\" data-end=\"651\">While productivity soared, work became repetitive, monotonous, and physically demanding. This led to<strong> fatigue, chronic pain, and the first musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs).<\/strong> These disorders became an early warning sign of the human cost of industrial performance.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"653\" data-end=\"804\">By the 1960s, rejection of this model manifested in high turnover, increasing absenteeism, and social conflicts, culminating in the peak of May 1968 in France. <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Source : DCG M\u00e9dia)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"w-separator size_medium\"><\/div><div class=\"w-image align_center\"><div class=\"w-image-h\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"337\" src=\"https:\/\/moovency.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/A-line1913-500x337.jpg\" class=\"attachment-us_500_500 size-us_500_500\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/moovency.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/A-line1913-500x337.jpg 500w, https:\/\/moovency.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/A-line1913-700x472.jpg 700w, https:\/\/moovency.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/A-line1913-300x202.jpg 300w, https:\/\/moovency.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/A-line1913-593x400.jpg 593w, https:\/\/moovency.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/A-line1913-850x574.jpg 850w, https:\/\/moovency.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/A-line1913-600x405.jpg 600w, https:\/\/moovency.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/A-line1913.jpg 1021w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wpb_text_column\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Ford Model T automobile assembly line, 1913.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Source : Wikip\u00e9dia\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"l-section wpb_row height_medium\"><div class=\"l-section-h i-cf\"><div class=\"g-cols vc_row via_flex valign_top type_default stacking_default\"><div class=\"vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"wpb_text_column\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h2 data-start=\"57\" data-end=\"115\"><strong>1950s\u20131970s:<\/strong> Lean, Kaizen, and Pressure on Operators<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"117\" data-end=\"349\">After World War II, Toyota developed the Toyota Production System (TPS), known in the West as Lean Manufacturing. The system combined just-in-time production, autonomous teams, continuous improvement (kaizen), and waste reduction.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"351\" data-end=\"595\">These innovations reduced certain inefficiencies and increased flexibility, but they also intensified work pace and multiplied musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) affecting<strong> shoulders, wrists, and backs<\/strong>\u2014first in Japanese factories, then globally.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"597\" data-end=\"729\">Even with improved ergonomics and the presence of occupational physicians, accidents and work-related illnesses remained frequent.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"731\" data-end=\"1021\">Japanese journalist Satoshi Kamata, who infiltrated Toyota\u2019s Nagoya factories for several months in the early 1970s, reported that official figures were scarcely disclosed, yet cases of accidents, occupational diseases, suicides, and <em data-start=\"965\" data-end=\"974\">Kar\u014dshi<\/em> (sudden death from overwork) were very real.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"l-section wpb_row height_medium\"><div class=\"l-section-h i-cf\"><div class=\"g-cols vc_row via_flex valign_top type_default stacking_default\"><div class=\"vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"wpb_text_column\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h2 data-start=\"57\" data-end=\"106\"><strong>1980s\u20132000s:<\/strong> Robotization and Globalization<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"108\" data-end=\"376\">Automation and robotization became widespread to improve safety, quality, and standardization. Operators increasingly took on supervisory roles, responsible for monitoring or feeding machines. Globalization further intensified pressure on work pace and productivity.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"378\" data-end=\"705\">However, musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) became the leading cause of occupational diseases in France by the 1990s. It was also during this period that a turning point emerged: <strong>the 1991 reform of Table 57 of occupational diseases expanded recognition of pathologies related to repetitive movements and periarticular injuries.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"707\" data-end=\"919\">Awareness of MSDs in the automotive industry spread rapidly. Many ergonomists working within major industrial groups focused their research and interventions on the prevention of these disorders. (Source: SELF)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"l-section wpb_row height_medium\"><div class=\"l-section-h i-cf\"><div class=\"g-cols vc_row via_flex valign_top type_default stacking_default\"><div class=\"vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"wpb_text_column\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h2 data-start=\"57\" data-end=\"110\"><strong>Today:<\/strong> Industry 4.0 and the Persistence of MSDs<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"112\" data-end=\"288\">Since 2011, Industry 4.0 has been transforming the automotive sector with 3D printing, augmented\/virtual reality, IoT, cloud computing, big data, and artificial intelligence.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"290\" data-end=\"455\">Over three centuries, working conditions for operators have significantly improved, thanks to new regulations, safer environments, and better quality of work life.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"457\" data-end=\"644\">Nevertheless, musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) persist. Traditional risk factors in the automotive industry remain, alongside new physical, organizational, and psychosocial constraints.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"646\" data-end=\"820\">Today in France, <strong>MSDs account for approximately 87% of recognized occupational diseases, resulting in 22 million lost workdays each year across all sectors.<\/strong> (Source: Ameli)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"l-section wpb_row height_medium\"><div class=\"l-section-h i-cf\"><div class=\"g-cols vc_row via_flex valign_top type_default stacking_default\"><div class=\"vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column vc_column_container\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"wpb_text_column\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h2 data-start=\"57\" data-end=\"73\"><strong data-start=\"57\" data-end=\"71\">Conclusion<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"75\" data-end=\"204\">The industrial history of the automobile shows us that every technological advance has always come at a cost to the human body.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"206\" data-end=\"370\">From the 18th-century steam engines to today\u2019s smart factories, working conditions have improved, yet musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) remain a current challenge.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"372\" data-end=\"598\">This ongoing tension between performance and health calls for a rethinking of work organization, ergonomics, and prevention, while exploring how Industry 4.0 could reconcile innovation, efficiency, and operators\u2019 well-being.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"w-separator size_medium\"><\/div><div class=\"wpb_text_column\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><p><b>Sources :\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><strong>Ameli<\/strong> &#8211; Les TMS : d\u00e9finition et impact https:\/\/www.ameli.fr\/entreprise\/sante-travail\/risques\/troubles-musculosquelettiques-tms\/tms-definition-impact<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Anienit &#8211;<\/strong> La naissance du monde ouvrier en Europe (1815-1880)\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.anienit.org\/new-s-bil\/article\/la-naissance-du-monde-ouvrier-en-europe-1815-1880\/102#:~:text=Le%20monde%20ouvrier%20est%20un,un%20travail%20d%C3%A9coup%C3%A9%20et%20r%C3%A9p%C3%A9titif\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.anienit.org\/new-s-bil\/article\/la-naissance-du-monde-ouvrier-en-europe-1815-1880\/102#:~:text=Le%20monde%20ouvrier%20est%20un,un%20travail%20d%C3%A9coup%C3%A9%20et%20r%C3%A9p%C3%A9titif<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>DCG M\u00e9dia<\/strong> &#8211; La crise du fordisme des ann\u00e9es 1960 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.droit-compta-gestion.fr\/economie\/histoire-des-faits-economiques\/prosperite-crise-et-mondialisation\/crise-et-mutations\/la-crise-du-fordisme-annees-1960\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.droit-compta-gestion.fr\/economie\/histoire-des-faits-economiques\/prosperite-crise-et-mondialisation\/crise-et-mutations\/la-crise-du-fordisme-annees-1960\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>DCG M\u00e9dia<\/strong> &#8211; OST de Taylor et TMS : Analyse des risques pour les ouvriers <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.droit-compta-gestion.fr\/management\/la-theorie-des-organisations\/les-premices-de-lanalyse-des-organisations\/ost-de-taylor-et-tms-analyse-des-risques-pour-les-ouvriers\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.droit-compta-gestion.fr\/management\/la-theorie-des-organisations\/les-premices-de-lanalyse-des-organisations\/ost-de-taylor-et-tms-analyse-des-risques-pour-les-ouvriers\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Encyclop\u00e9die d\u2019histoire num\u00e9rique de l\u2019Europe<\/strong> &#8211; Organisation scientifique du travail : concepts, techniques, contestations <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/ehne.fr\/fr\/encyclopedie\/th%C3%A9matiques\/civilisation-materielle\/l%27europe-au-travail\/organisation-scientifique-du-travail-concepts-techniques-contestations\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/ehne.fr\/fr\/encyclopedie\/th%C3%A9matiques\/civilisation-materielle\/l%27europe-au-travail\/organisation-scientifique-du-travail-concepts-techniques-contestations<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Paul Jobin &#8211;<\/strong> La mort par sutravail et le toyotisme https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/292774417_La_mort_par_surtravail_et_le_toyotisme<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Melchior<\/strong> &#8211; Le toyotisme comme nouvelle forme d\u2019organisation du travail <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.melchior.fr\/exercice\/document-4-le-toyotisme-comme-nouvelle-forme-d-organisation-du-travail\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.melchior.fr\/exercice\/document-4-le-toyotisme-comme-nouvelle-forme-d-organisation-du-travail<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>SELF<\/strong> &#8211; Rep\u00e8re th\u00e9matique 1 : Les troubles musculosquelettiques <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/ergonomie-self.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/rt-tms.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/ergonomie-self.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/rt-tms.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Productivity and Human Body: Centuries of evolution in the automotive industry The industrial history of the automobile illustrates a persistent paradox: every gain in productivity has come with new physical constraints for workers. From mechanics to automation, each innovation has pushed the boundaries of productivity. But at what cost to workers\u2019 bodies? Tracing the evolution...","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6502,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6500","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sante-au-travail-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Productivity and the Human Body: Centuries of Evolution in the Automotive Industry - Moovency<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/moovency.com\/en\/productivity-and-the-human-body-centuries-of-evolution-in-the-automotive-industry\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Productivity and the Human Body: Centuries of Evolution in the Automotive Industry - 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